In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Assisted reproductive technologies<\/h2><\/div>Treatment options.<\/strong> The treatment of infertility depends on its underlying cause, age, duration of attempts to conceive and the couple\u2019s preferences. Available options range from simple medical interventions to more advanced assisted reproductive techniques.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Monitoring and Induction of Ovulation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nCycle monitoring and ovulation induction are the simplest and most fundamental approaches to infertility treatment. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound examinations and blood tests, allowing identification of the optimal timing for intercourse and thereby increasing the likelihood of natural conception.
\nFor women who do not ovulate regularly, oral medications that stimulate ovarian function (such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole) or low-dose injectable gonadotropins may be prescribed to promote the development of multiple follicles. This approach is generally well tolerated and can result in pregnancy without the need for more complex interventions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nIntrauterine insemination is a relatively simple assisted reproductive technique in which processed sperm from the male partner is placed directly into the uterine cavity using a thin catheter. This increases the number of sperm reaching the fallopian tubes, thereby improving the chances of fertilization and successful pregnancy.
\nIUI is primarily indicated in cases of male-factor infertility (e.g., low sperm count, reduced motility or ejaculatory dysfunction). The technique allows sperm to bypass two significant barriers: the acidic vaginal environment and cervical mucus.
\nIt may also be recommended for couples who are frequently apart during the ovulatory period due to professional or social reasons. For the procedure to be appropriate, the woman should have patent fallopian tubes, a healthy endometrium, an adequate number of good-quality oocytes, and normal hormonal function.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nIn vitro fertilization is the most widely used assisted reproductive technique. As the name implies, fertilization occurs outside the body\u2014in the embryology laboratory\u2014rather than within the fallopian tube. The procedure involves retrieving oocytes from the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory and transferring the resulting embryos into the uterus.<\/p>\n
The main methods include \u201cconventional\u201d IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).<\/p>\n
IVF can be performed using the genetic material of both partners or with donor oocytes or sperm. In addition, the procedure may involve the use of fresh or cryopreserved oocytes, sperm, or embryos.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2](\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271920%27%20height%3D%27790%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201920%20790%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271920%27%20height%3D%27790%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\")
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1](\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271353%27%20height%3D%27902%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201353%20902%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271353%27%20height%3D%27902%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\")
<\/div><\/div>Stages of in vitro fertilization (IVF)<\/h2><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval Preparation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThe selection of the appropriate IVF protocol is not the same for all women. It is always individualized based on age, ovarian reserve, test results, previous treatment history and the couple\u2019s goals.<\/p>\n
After the evaluation is completed, it is decided whether the attempt will be carried out in a natural cycle, with mild stimulation (mini-IVF), or with full ovarian stimulation\u2014each time choosing the method that offers the highest chances of success with the greatest safety.<\/p>\n
\n- Natural Cycle IVF<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In a natural cycle, no medications are administered. The natural development of the single follicle that matures each month is monitored and when it reaches the appropriate stage, oocyte retrieval and fertilization are performed.
\nThis approach is preferred for women who cannot or do not wish to receive hormonal treatment. It is also an option for women with very low ovarian reserve.<\/p>\n
\n- Mild Stimulation (Mini-IVF)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This method uses lower doses of medication compared to conventional protocols. The goal is to obtain a small number of high-quality oocytes for fertilization.
\nMini-IVF is suitable for women with moderate ovarian reserve, in cases where reduced medication is desirable, or when preferred by the couple.<\/p>\n
\n- Conventional Ovarian Stimulation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This is a commonly used and highly effective protocol. Injectable gonadotropins are administered for 8\u201312 days to stimulate the maturation of multiple oocytes simultaneously. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound scans and blood tests.<\/p>\n
Different protocols (e.g., GnRH antagonist or GnRH agonist protocols) are selected on an individualized basis depending on the woman\u2019s profile.<\/p>\n
Full stimulation is the most common choice and offers the highest success rates, especially when the goal is to create multiple embryos.<\/p>\n
When the follicle(s) reach the appropriate size, final oocyte maturation is triggered using hCG or a GnRH agonist. Oocyte retrieval is scheduled approximately 36 hours later.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval and Fertilization<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nApproximately 36 hours after triggering oocyte maturation, oocyte retrieval is performed. This is a painless and very safe procedure carried out under ultrasound monitoring via the vagina, usually with light sedation. The procedure lasts about 10\u201320 minutes, and the patient can return home the same day.
\nThe collected oocytes are immediately transferred to the embryology laboratory, where their maturity is assessed. On the same day, a sperm sample is obtained from the partner or donor and undergoes specialized processing.
\nSperm is typically collected through ejaculation; however, alternative retrieval methods may be used, particularly in cases such as obstructive azoospermia.
\nToday, in the majority of cases, fertilization in the embryology laboratory is performed using ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection). With this technique, a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte using a very fine needle.
\nICSI involves the selection of high-quality, mature spermatozoa, with lower rates of aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number). It achieves high fertilization rates (over 60%).
\nFollowing fertilization, embryos begin to develop in the laboratory under controlled conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Transfer<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEmbryos are cultured for 3 to 5 days. On day 3, they are at the cleavage stage, while on day 5 they typically reach the blastocyst stage.<\/p>\n
Embryo transfer can be performed either in the same cycle as oocyte retrieval and fertilization (fresh cycle) or in a subsequent cycle after cryopreservation and thawing (frozen cycle). In both cases, a well-prepared endometrium\u2014the inner lining of the uterus where the embryo will implant\u2014is essential.<\/p>\n
The number of embryos transferred is determined by the physician and embryologists in consultation with the couple.<\/p>\n
On the day of embryo transfer, the woman is prepared in designated clinic rooms. Fasting is not required; however, a full bladder is recommended to improve ultrasound visualization.<\/p>\n
Using specialized catheters and ultrasound guidance, the physician performs the embryo transfer. The woman remains lying down for approximately 20\u201330 minutes and can then leave the clinic.<\/p>\n
For the following 4 days, it is recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity. After this period, normal daily activities can be resumed.<\/p>\n
A blood test measuring \u03b2-hCG (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) is performed 10\u201314 days after embryo transfer to confirm pregnancy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/h2><\/div>Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/strong> is an advanced technique that allows the analysis of the genetic material of embryos following IVF and before embryo transfer. This ensures that only healthy embryos are selected for transfer to the uterus, reducing the risk of passing on genetic disorders.
\nPGT combines in vitro fertilization with specialized genetic diagnostic techniques. The procedure involves a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo at the blastocyst stage, followed by detailed laboratory analysis. The most common types of PGT include:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test detects chromosomal abnormalities and is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age or those with a history of recurrent miscarriages.
\nThe most common viable chromosomal abnormality is Down syndrome (Trisomy 21). Other chromosomal abnormalities are not compatible with life and often result in miscarriage during the first trimester.
\nThe likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age. In some couples, a higher proportion of embryos may carry chromosomal abnormalities, which can lead to repeated pregnancy loss.
\n.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test identifies structural chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations or inversions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test is used when there is a known risk of a specific inherited genetic condition. In Greece, the most common genetic disorder is \u03b2-thalassemia (Mediterranean anemia), followed by cystic fibrosis.
\nPGT-M can be successfully applied to any genetic disorder, provided that the specific genetic mutation responsible for the condition in the family has been identified.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Who Can Benefit from PGT?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nPGT may:
\n\u2022 Increase the chances of a successful pregnancy
\n\u2022 Reduce the risk of miscarriage in selected cases
\nHowever, it is not necessary for all couples. The decision to proceed with PGT is made after genetic counseling and individualized medical evaluation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>![](\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271353%27%20height%3D%27758%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201353%20758%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271353%27%20height%3D%27758%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\")
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Fertility Preservation<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>Every woman is born with a finite number of eggs\u2014approximately 1 to 2 million. By puberty, this number declines significantly to around 300,000\u2013400,000. Over the course of her reproductive life, only about 300\u2013400 eggs will mature and be released, while thousands are lost each month. This decline continues over time, accelerating after the age of 35, and ultimately leads to menopause when approximately 1,000 eggs remain.
\nFertility preservation is a modern medical option that allows both women and men to safeguard their reproductive potential for the future. Its purpose is to preserve eggs, sperm or embryos in situations where fertility may be compromised\u2014such as before cancer treatments, surgical procedures, or due to age, personal, or professional choices.
\nEarly awareness and timely decision-making are crucial, as fertility preservation is most effective when performed proactively. It offers reassurance, freedom of choice and hope for the future, empowering individuals to decide when and how to start a family.<\/p>\n<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Egg Freezing (Oocyte Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEgg freezing is one of the most important advances in assisted reproduction, allowing women to preserve their fertility for the future. With this method, eggs are collected and frozen at very low temperatures in the embryology laboratory, so they can be used later\u2014even many years afterward.<\/p>\n
The process includes:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Ovarian stimulation to promote the development of multiple follicles
\n\u2022 Egg retrieval, a simple and painless procedure performed under light sedation
\n\u2022 Assessment and freezing of mature eggs using vitrification, a method that ensures very high survival rates after thawing (>90%)<\/p>\nIndications for egg freezing:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Medical reasons: Prior to treatments that may negatively affect ovarian reserve (e.g., chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
\n\u2022 Risk of premature ovarian insufficiency: In women with a family history or genetic predisposition
\n\u2022 Social reasons: When a woman chooses to delay motherhood for personal or professional reasons, preserving fertility while egg quality is optimal<\/p>\nSafety and Effectiveness<\/strong><\/p>\nModern vitrification techniques protect eggs during freezing without compromising their quality. This method prevents the formation of ice crystals, which in the past negatively affected egg viability and fertilization potential, thus contributing to higher pregnancy rates.
\nMore than 6,000 babies have been born worldwide from frozen eggs. Egg freezing is considered safe for both the woman and the future child. Scientific studies show no increased risk of genetic abnormalities compared to embryos derived from fresh eggs, nor higher rates of pregnancy complications or preterm birth.
\nAge at the time of freezing is a key factor for success. Ideally, egg freezing should be performed before the age of 35, when egg quality is higher. However, it can also be considered later, provided there is sufficient ovarian reserve.
\nEgg freezing allows women to take control of their reproductive timeline and is a valuable tool in modern reproductive medicine\u2014either as a preventive option or as part of a treatment plan.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Sperm Freezing (Sperm Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nSperm freezing involves the collection and long-term storage of sperm in liquid nitrogen for future use in assisted reproductive techniques.
\nIt is recommended for men who wish to preserve their fertility due to:
\n\u2022 Medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, surgery)
\n\u2022 Exposure to factors that may affect sperm quality
\n\u2022 Ejaculatory disorders
\nThis method ensures that reproductive potential is safely preserved for the future.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Freezing (Embryo Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEmbryo freezing involves the rapid freezing of embryos created through IVF for future use. It is one of the most effective fertility preservation methods, with survival rates after thawing approaching 100%.
\nThis option requires the use of sperm from a partner or donor, as fertilization must occur before freezing. In many cases, all embryos retrieved are frozen, allowing for transfer at a later, more suitable time. The process requires a short preparation period of approximately 1\u20132 weeks, including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization.
\nEmbryo cryopreservation offers high success rates and is a reliable option for couples wishing to secure their future reproductive potential.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Assisted reproductive technologies<\/h2><\/div>Treatment options.<\/strong> The treatment of infertility depends on its underlying cause, age, duration of attempts to conceive and the couple\u2019s preferences. Available options range from simple medical interventions to more advanced assisted reproductive techniques.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Monitoring and Induction of Ovulation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nCycle monitoring and ovulation induction are the simplest and most fundamental approaches to infertility treatment. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound examinations and blood tests, allowing identification of the optimal timing for intercourse and thereby increasing the likelihood of natural conception.
\nFor women who do not ovulate regularly, oral medications that stimulate ovarian function (such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole) or low-dose injectable gonadotropins may be prescribed to promote the development of multiple follicles. This approach is generally well tolerated and can result in pregnancy without the need for more complex interventions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nIntrauterine insemination is a relatively simple assisted reproductive technique in which processed sperm from the male partner is placed directly into the uterine cavity using a thin catheter. This increases the number of sperm reaching the fallopian tubes, thereby improving the chances of fertilization and successful pregnancy.
\nIUI is primarily indicated in cases of male-factor infertility (e.g., low sperm count, reduced motility or ejaculatory dysfunction). The technique allows sperm to bypass two significant barriers: the acidic vaginal environment and cervical mucus.
\nIt may also be recommended for couples who are frequently apart during the ovulatory period due to professional or social reasons. For the procedure to be appropriate, the woman should have patent fallopian tubes, a healthy endometrium, an adequate number of good-quality oocytes, and normal hormonal function.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nIn vitro fertilization is the most widely used assisted reproductive technique. As the name implies, fertilization occurs outside the body\u2014in the embryology laboratory\u2014rather than within the fallopian tube. The procedure involves retrieving oocytes from the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory and transferring the resulting embryos into the uterus.<\/p>\n
The main methods include \u201cconventional\u201d IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).<\/p>\n
IVF can be performed using the genetic material of both partners or with donor oocytes or sperm. In addition, the procedure may involve the use of fresh or cryopreserved oocytes, sperm, or embryos.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Stages of in vitro fertilization (IVF)<\/h2><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval Preparation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThe selection of the appropriate IVF protocol is not the same for all women. It is always individualized based on age, ovarian reserve, test results, previous treatment history and the couple\u2019s goals.<\/p>\n
After the evaluation is completed, it is decided whether the attempt will be carried out in a natural cycle, with mild stimulation (mini-IVF), or with full ovarian stimulation\u2014each time choosing the method that offers the highest chances of success with the greatest safety.<\/p>\n
\n- Natural Cycle IVF<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In a natural cycle, no medications are administered. The natural development of the single follicle that matures each month is monitored and when it reaches the appropriate stage, oocyte retrieval and fertilization are performed.
\nThis approach is preferred for women who cannot or do not wish to receive hormonal treatment. It is also an option for women with very low ovarian reserve.<\/p>\n
\n- Mild Stimulation (Mini-IVF)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This method uses lower doses of medication compared to conventional protocols. The goal is to obtain a small number of high-quality oocytes for fertilization.
\nMini-IVF is suitable for women with moderate ovarian reserve, in cases where reduced medication is desirable, or when preferred by the couple.<\/p>\n
\n- Conventional Ovarian Stimulation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This is a commonly used and highly effective protocol. Injectable gonadotropins are administered for 8\u201312 days to stimulate the maturation of multiple oocytes simultaneously. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound scans and blood tests.<\/p>\n
Different protocols (e.g., GnRH antagonist or GnRH agonist protocols) are selected on an individualized basis depending on the woman\u2019s profile.<\/p>\n
Full stimulation is the most common choice and offers the highest success rates, especially when the goal is to create multiple embryos.<\/p>\n
When the follicle(s) reach the appropriate size, final oocyte maturation is triggered using hCG or a GnRH agonist. Oocyte retrieval is scheduled approximately 36 hours later.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval and Fertilization<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nApproximately 36 hours after triggering oocyte maturation, oocyte retrieval is performed. This is a painless and very safe procedure carried out under ultrasound monitoring via the vagina, usually with light sedation. The procedure lasts about 10\u201320 minutes, and the patient can return home the same day.
\nThe collected oocytes are immediately transferred to the embryology laboratory, where their maturity is assessed. On the same day, a sperm sample is obtained from the partner or donor and undergoes specialized processing.
\nSperm is typically collected through ejaculation; however, alternative retrieval methods may be used, particularly in cases such as obstructive azoospermia.
\nToday, in the majority of cases, fertilization in the embryology laboratory is performed using ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection). With this technique, a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte using a very fine needle.
\nICSI involves the selection of high-quality, mature spermatozoa, with lower rates of aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number). It achieves high fertilization rates (over 60%).
\nFollowing fertilization, embryos begin to develop in the laboratory under controlled conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Transfer<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEmbryos are cultured for 3 to 5 days. On day 3, they are at the cleavage stage, while on day 5 they typically reach the blastocyst stage.<\/p>\n
Embryo transfer can be performed either in the same cycle as oocyte retrieval and fertilization (fresh cycle) or in a subsequent cycle after cryopreservation and thawing (frozen cycle). In both cases, a well-prepared endometrium\u2014the inner lining of the uterus where the embryo will implant\u2014is essential.<\/p>\n
The number of embryos transferred is determined by the physician and embryologists in consultation with the couple.<\/p>\n
On the day of embryo transfer, the woman is prepared in designated clinic rooms. Fasting is not required; however, a full bladder is recommended to improve ultrasound visualization.<\/p>\n
Using specialized catheters and ultrasound guidance, the physician performs the embryo transfer. The woman remains lying down for approximately 20\u201330 minutes and can then leave the clinic.<\/p>\n
For the following 4 days, it is recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity. After this period, normal daily activities can be resumed.<\/p>\n
A blood test measuring \u03b2-hCG (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) is performed 10\u201314 days after embryo transfer to confirm pregnancy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/h2><\/div>Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/strong> is an advanced technique that allows the analysis of the genetic material of embryos following IVF and before embryo transfer. This ensures that only healthy embryos are selected for transfer to the uterus, reducing the risk of passing on genetic disorders.
\nPGT combines in vitro fertilization with specialized genetic diagnostic techniques. The procedure involves a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo at the blastocyst stage, followed by detailed laboratory analysis. The most common types of PGT include:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test detects chromosomal abnormalities and is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age or those with a history of recurrent miscarriages.
\nThe most common viable chromosomal abnormality is Down syndrome (Trisomy 21). Other chromosomal abnormalities are not compatible with life and often result in miscarriage during the first trimester.
\nThe likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age. In some couples, a higher proportion of embryos may carry chromosomal abnormalities, which can lead to repeated pregnancy loss.
\n.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test identifies structural chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations or inversions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nThis test is used when there is a known risk of a specific inherited genetic condition. In Greece, the most common genetic disorder is \u03b2-thalassemia (Mediterranean anemia), followed by cystic fibrosis.
\nPGT-M can be successfully applied to any genetic disorder, provided that the specific genetic mutation responsible for the condition in the family has been identified.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Who Can Benefit from PGT?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nPGT may:
\n\u2022 Increase the chances of a successful pregnancy
\n\u2022 Reduce the risk of miscarriage in selected cases
\nHowever, it is not necessary for all couples. The decision to proceed with PGT is made after genetic counseling and individualized medical evaluation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
CONTACT US<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Fertility Preservation<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>Every woman is born with a finite number of eggs\u2014approximately 1 to 2 million. By puberty, this number declines significantly to around 300,000\u2013400,000. Over the course of her reproductive life, only about 300\u2013400 eggs will mature and be released, while thousands are lost each month. This decline continues over time, accelerating after the age of 35, and ultimately leads to menopause when approximately 1,000 eggs remain.
\nFertility preservation is a modern medical option that allows both women and men to safeguard their reproductive potential for the future. Its purpose is to preserve eggs, sperm or embryos in situations where fertility may be compromised\u2014such as before cancer treatments, surgical procedures, or due to age, personal, or professional choices.
\nEarly awareness and timely decision-making are crucial, as fertility preservation is most effective when performed proactively. It offers reassurance, freedom of choice and hope for the future, empowering individuals to decide when and how to start a family.<\/p>\n<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Egg Freezing (Oocyte Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEgg freezing is one of the most important advances in assisted reproduction, allowing women to preserve their fertility for the future. With this method, eggs are collected and frozen at very low temperatures in the embryology laboratory, so they can be used later\u2014even many years afterward.<\/p>\n
The process includes:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Ovarian stimulation to promote the development of multiple follicles
\n\u2022 Egg retrieval, a simple and painless procedure performed under light sedation
\n\u2022 Assessment and freezing of mature eggs using vitrification, a method that ensures very high survival rates after thawing (>90%)<\/p>\nIndications for egg freezing:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Medical reasons: Prior to treatments that may negatively affect ovarian reserve (e.g., chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
\n\u2022 Risk of premature ovarian insufficiency: In women with a family history or genetic predisposition
\n\u2022 Social reasons: When a woman chooses to delay motherhood for personal or professional reasons, preserving fertility while egg quality is optimal<\/p>\nSafety and Effectiveness<\/strong><\/p>\nModern vitrification techniques protect eggs during freezing without compromising their quality. This method prevents the formation of ice crystals, which in the past negatively affected egg viability and fertilization potential, thus contributing to higher pregnancy rates.
\nMore than 6,000 babies have been born worldwide from frozen eggs. Egg freezing is considered safe for both the woman and the future child. Scientific studies show no increased risk of genetic abnormalities compared to embryos derived from fresh eggs, nor higher rates of pregnancy complications or preterm birth.
\nAge at the time of freezing is a key factor for success. Ideally, egg freezing should be performed before the age of 35, when egg quality is higher. However, it can also be considered later, provided there is sufficient ovarian reserve.
\nEgg freezing allows women to take control of their reproductive timeline and is a valuable tool in modern reproductive medicine\u2014either as a preventive option or as part of a treatment plan.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Sperm Freezing (Sperm Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nSperm freezing involves the collection and long-term storage of sperm in liquid nitrogen for future use in assisted reproductive techniques.
\nIt is recommended for men who wish to preserve their fertility due to:
\n\u2022 Medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, surgery)
\n\u2022 Exposure to factors that may affect sperm quality
\n\u2022 Ejaculatory disorders
\nThis method ensures that reproductive potential is safely preserved for the future.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Freezing (Embryo Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\nEmbryo freezing involves the rapid freezing of embryos created through IVF for future use. It is one of the most effective fertility preservation methods, with survival rates after thawing approaching 100%.
\nThis option requires the use of sperm from a partner or donor, as fertilization must occur before freezing. In many cases, all embryos retrieved are frozen, allowing for transfer at a later, more suitable time. The process requires a short preparation period of approximately 1\u20132 weeks, including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization.
\nEmbryo cryopreservation offers high success rates and is a reliable option for couples wishing to secure their future reproductive potential.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Treatment options.<\/strong> The treatment of infertility depends on its underlying cause, age, duration of attempts to conceive and the couple\u2019s preferences. Available options range from simple medical interventions to more advanced assisted reproductive techniques.<\/p>\n<\/div> Cycle monitoring and ovulation induction are the simplest and most fundamental approaches to infertility treatment. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound examinations and blood tests, allowing identification of the optimal timing for intercourse and thereby increasing the likelihood of natural conception. Intrauterine insemination is a relatively simple assisted reproductive technique in which processed sperm from the male partner is placed directly into the uterine cavity using a thin catheter. This increases the number of sperm reaching the fallopian tubes, thereby improving the chances of fertilization and successful pregnancy. In vitro fertilization is the most widely used assisted reproductive technique. As the name implies, fertilization occurs outside the body\u2014in the embryology laboratory\u2014rather than within the fallopian tube. The procedure involves retrieving oocytes from the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory and transferring the resulting embryos into the uterus.<\/p>\n The main methods include \u201cconventional\u201d IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).<\/p>\n IVF can be performed using the genetic material of both partners or with donor oocytes or sperm. In addition, the procedure may involve the use of fresh or cryopreserved oocytes, sperm, or embryos.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> The selection of the appropriate IVF protocol is not the same for all women. It is always individualized based on age, ovarian reserve, test results, previous treatment history and the couple\u2019s goals.<\/p>\n After the evaluation is completed, it is decided whether the attempt will be carried out in a natural cycle, with mild stimulation (mini-IVF), or with full ovarian stimulation\u2014each time choosing the method that offers the highest chances of success with the greatest safety.<\/p>\n In a natural cycle, no medications are administered. The natural development of the single follicle that matures each month is monitored and when it reaches the appropriate stage, oocyte retrieval and fertilization are performed. This method uses lower doses of medication compared to conventional protocols. The goal is to obtain a small number of high-quality oocytes for fertilization. This is a commonly used and highly effective protocol. Injectable gonadotropins are administered for 8\u201312 days to stimulate the maturation of multiple oocytes simultaneously. Follicular development is monitored through ultrasound scans and blood tests.<\/p>\n Different protocols (e.g., GnRH antagonist or GnRH agonist protocols) are selected on an individualized basis depending on the woman\u2019s profile.<\/p>\n Full stimulation is the most common choice and offers the highest success rates, especially when the goal is to create multiple embryos.<\/p>\n When the follicle(s) reach the appropriate size, final oocyte maturation is triggered using hCG or a GnRH agonist. Oocyte retrieval is scheduled approximately 36 hours later.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> Approximately 36 hours after triggering oocyte maturation, oocyte retrieval is performed. This is a painless and very safe procedure carried out under ultrasound monitoring via the vagina, usually with light sedation. The procedure lasts about 10\u201320 minutes, and the patient can return home the same day. Embryos are cultured for 3 to 5 days. On day 3, they are at the cleavage stage, while on day 5 they typically reach the blastocyst stage.<\/p>\n Embryo transfer can be performed either in the same cycle as oocyte retrieval and fertilization (fresh cycle) or in a subsequent cycle after cryopreservation and thawing (frozen cycle). In both cases, a well-prepared endometrium\u2014the inner lining of the uterus where the embryo will implant\u2014is essential.<\/p>\n The number of embryos transferred is determined by the physician and embryologists in consultation with the couple.<\/p>\n On the day of embryo transfer, the woman is prepared in designated clinic rooms. Fasting is not required; however, a full bladder is recommended to improve ultrasound visualization.<\/p>\n Using specialized catheters and ultrasound guidance, the physician performs the embryo transfer. The woman remains lying down for approximately 20\u201330 minutes and can then leave the clinic.<\/p>\n For the following 4 days, it is recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity. After this period, normal daily activities can be resumed.<\/p>\n A blood test measuring \u03b2-hCG (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) is performed 10\u201314 days after embryo transfer to confirm pregnancy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/strong> is an advanced technique that allows the analysis of the genetic material of embryos following IVF and before embryo transfer. This ensures that only healthy embryos are selected for transfer to the uterus, reducing the risk of passing on genetic disorders. This test detects chromosomal abnormalities and is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age or those with a history of recurrent miscarriages. This test identifies structural chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations or inversions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> This test is used when there is a known risk of a specific inherited genetic condition. In Greece, the most common genetic disorder is \u03b2-thalassemia (Mediterranean anemia), followed by cystic fibrosis. PGT may: Every woman is born with a finite number of eggs\u2014approximately 1 to 2 million. By puberty, this number declines significantly to around 300,000\u2013400,000. Over the course of her reproductive life, only about 300\u2013400 eggs will mature and be released, while thousands are lost each month. This decline continues over time, accelerating after the age of 35, and ultimately leads to menopause when approximately 1,000 eggs remain. Egg freezing is one of the most important advances in assisted reproduction, allowing women to preserve their fertility for the future. With this method, eggs are collected and frozen at very low temperatures in the embryology laboratory, so they can be used later\u2014even many years afterward.<\/p>\n The process includes:<\/strong> Indications for egg freezing:<\/strong> Safety and Effectiveness<\/strong><\/p>\n Modern vitrification techniques protect eggs during freezing without compromising their quality. This method prevents the formation of ice crystals, which in the past negatively affected egg viability and fertilization potential, thus contributing to higher pregnancy rates. Sperm freezing involves the collection and long-term storage of sperm in liquid nitrogen for future use in assisted reproductive techniques. Embryo freezing involves the rapid freezing of embryos created through IVF for future use. It is one of the most effective fertility preservation methods, with survival rates after thawing approaching 100%.<\/i><\/i><\/span>Monitoring and Induction of Ovulation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nFor women who do not ovulate regularly, oral medications that stimulate ovarian function (such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole) or low-dose injectable gonadotropins may be prescribed to promote the development of multiple follicles. This approach is generally well tolerated and can result in pregnancy without the need for more complex interventions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nIUI is primarily indicated in cases of male-factor infertility (e.g., low sperm count, reduced motility or ejaculatory dysfunction). The technique allows sperm to bypass two significant barriers: the acidic vaginal environment and cervical mucus.
\nIt may also be recommended for couples who are frequently apart during the ovulatory period due to professional or social reasons. For the procedure to be appropriate, the woman should have patent fallopian tubes, a healthy endometrium, an adequate number of good-quality oocytes, and normal hormonal function.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) <\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>
Stages of in vitro fertilization (IVF)<\/h2><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval Preparation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\n
\nThis approach is preferred for women who cannot or do not wish to receive hormonal treatment. It is also an option for women with very low ovarian reserve.<\/p>\n\n
\nMini-IVF is suitable for women with moderate ovarian reserve, in cases where reduced medication is desirable, or when preferred by the couple.<\/p>\n\n
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Oocyte Retrieval and Fertilization<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nThe collected oocytes are immediately transferred to the embryology laboratory, where their maturity is assessed. On the same day, a sperm sample is obtained from the partner or donor and undergoes specialized processing.
\nSperm is typically collected through ejaculation; however, alternative retrieval methods may be used, particularly in cases such as obstructive azoospermia.
\nToday, in the majority of cases, fertilization in the embryology laboratory is performed using ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection). With this technique, a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte using a very fine needle.
\nICSI involves the selection of high-quality, mature spermatozoa, with lower rates of aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number). It achieves high fertilization rates (over 60%).
\nFollowing fertilization, embryos begin to develop in the laboratory under controlled conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Transfer<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)<\/h2><\/div>
\nPGT combines in vitro fertilization with specialized genetic diagnostic techniques. The procedure involves a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo at the blastocyst stage, followed by detailed laboratory analysis. The most common types of PGT include:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nThe most common viable chromosomal abnormality is Down syndrome (Trisomy 21). Other chromosomal abnormalities are not compatible with life and often result in miscarriage during the first trimester.
\nThe likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age. In some couples, a higher proportion of embryos may carry chromosomal abnormalities, which can lead to repeated pregnancy loss.
\n.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
<\/i><\/i><\/span>PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nPGT-M can be successfully applied to any genetic disorder, provided that the specific genetic mutation responsible for the condition in the family has been identified.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Who Can Benefit from PGT?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\n\u2022 Increase the chances of a successful pregnancy
\n\u2022 Reduce the risk of miscarriage in selected cases
\nHowever, it is not necessary for all couples. The decision to proceed with PGT is made after genetic counseling and individualized medical evaluation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Fertility Preservation<\/h2><\/div>
\nFertility preservation is a modern medical option that allows both women and men to safeguard their reproductive potential for the future. Its purpose is to preserve eggs, sperm or embryos in situations where fertility may be compromised\u2014such as before cancer treatments, surgical procedures, or due to age, personal, or professional choices.
\nEarly awareness and timely decision-making are crucial, as fertility preservation is most effective when performed proactively. It offers reassurance, freedom of choice and hope for the future, empowering individuals to decide when and how to start a family.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Egg Freezing (Oocyte Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\n\u2022 Ovarian stimulation to promote the development of multiple follicles
\n\u2022 Egg retrieval, a simple and painless procedure performed under light sedation
\n\u2022 Assessment and freezing of mature eggs using vitrification, a method that ensures very high survival rates after thawing (>90%)<\/p>\n
\n\u2022 Medical reasons: Prior to treatments that may negatively affect ovarian reserve (e.g., chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
\n\u2022 Risk of premature ovarian insufficiency: In women with a family history or genetic predisposition
\n\u2022 Social reasons: When a woman chooses to delay motherhood for personal or professional reasons, preserving fertility while egg quality is optimal<\/p>\n
\nMore than 6,000 babies have been born worldwide from frozen eggs. Egg freezing is considered safe for both the woman and the future child. Scientific studies show no increased risk of genetic abnormalities compared to embryos derived from fresh eggs, nor higher rates of pregnancy complications or preterm birth.
\nAge at the time of freezing is a key factor for success. Ideally, egg freezing should be performed before the age of 35, when egg quality is higher. However, it can also be considered later, provided there is sufficient ovarian reserve.
\nEgg freezing allows women to take control of their reproductive timeline and is a valuable tool in modern reproductive medicine\u2014either as a preventive option or as part of a treatment plan.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Sperm Freezing (Sperm Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nIt is recommended for men who wish to preserve their fertility due to:
\n\u2022 Medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, surgery)
\n\u2022 Exposure to factors that may affect sperm quality
\n\u2022 Ejaculatory disorders
\nThis method ensures that reproductive potential is safely preserved for the future.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Embryo Freezing (Embryo Cryopreservation)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\nThis option requires the use of sperm from a partner or donor, as fertilization must occur before freezing. In many cases, all embryos retrieved are frozen, allowing for transfer at a later, more suitable time. The process requires a short preparation period of approximately 1\u20132 weeks, including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization.
\nEmbryo cryopreservation offers high success rates and is a reliable option for couples wishing to secure their future reproductive potential.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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